The Muscular system

                                                           The Muscular system
           The muscular system is what helps us be more strong and helps organisms with movement and helps them survive by being strong and allowing them be flexible. The importance of the muscular system is that it controls our movement in the body, stability and posture, heat production, circulation, help in digestion, shaping the body, and maintaining posture. Without the muscular system, organisms wouldn't be able to protect themselves or have strength to run or jump or be able to hold things (we would be weak). The muscular system is very important because it makes us move and also breathe and live too. Organisms uses their muscles for movement and need oxygen for their muscles in order to move and have strong muscles.


    The earthworm has a muscular system that helps it move and makes it flexible. It has two kinds of muscles: longitudinal, and circular.  These muscles help the worm move and all it does is pressing all of the muscles forward. The worm  uses bristles otherwise known as satae to move.The worm has fewer muscles compared to the other organisms . Humans have muscles in the arms and legs but the worms don't. Its advantage of muscles is when the circular muscles move,  the worm's body becomes thinner. Humans cannot do this. This is easier fro the worm to allow it to become smaller and to fit into smaller things and also to hide itself. The worm's disadvantage is to move faster from predators and to carry and push stuff around in the ground to move out of the worm's way.

 The crayfish has strong abdominal muscles that helps it swim backward fast. The crayfish has other muscles in its body like the pinchers, legs, mandibles, and stomach. A advantage of the muscles of a crayfish is that it can move quickly to get away from a predator and to fight back using its claws. A disadvantage of the crayfish's muscular system is that it can get destroyed or broken and  the tail and claws sometimes isn't strong enough to fight back most of time.




      

Movement of frog jumping.

         A example of an organism that has a strong muscular system is the grass frog. Frogs don't have powerful arms, but they have strong legs that can help them leap to long distances. They also have a strong jaw that allows them to catch food with their tongue and clump their jaw down really hard. Frogs have muscles attached to their skeleton. They use their hind legs to push itself with some support from their front arms. Frogs have a strong, muscular stomach for when they land on their stomach. Their main movement is leaping, known as locomotion. A advantage of the frog is that it can move around fast and go to long distances and to also avoid predators. A disadvantage is getting energy from meals in order to jump and to move away from predators.


         Rats have a similar muscular system compared to the human's muscular system. The rat's muscles work in groups, which mean that their muscles work together whenever the rat moves around. When the rat moves, they expand their bones. The rat is very flexible and a advantage for this is that it is easier for the rat to go into smaller areas or spaces. The rat has four feet for fast movement. A advantage of this is that it can run awy faster from predators. Its muscular system is almost the same structure as the  human's. Some disadvantages is very similar to us like broken bones and ripped muscles.
 

           





       Humans have a very interesting muscular system, which is made up of more of 600 muscles and is counted of 40% of the body weight. Muscles are made of fibers and cells. Muscles helps you move about everything like running, walking, lifting weights and heavy stuff, and help the body by pumping blood. Muscles are both involuntary or voluntary. Involuntary muscles are muscles that helps function the body automatically, the ones that you don't have control of. Voluntary muscles are muscles that you can control. There are three kinds of muscles in the human muscular system: the skeletal muscle; the cardiac muscle; and the smooth muscle.

•     Skeletal muscles: striated and voluntary control.(Ex. biceps(arm), pectorals major(chest))

• Smooth muscles: are not striated and are not in voluntary control. ( Ex. organs and blood vessels). Smooth muscles has one nucleus.

•   Cardiac muscle: the heart, The muscle is striated also has one nucleus.      

     The muscular system is very important because it has advantages to having one like it allows organisms to have strength and to move around. A disadvantage is that it can sometimes lead to broken parts of muscles or even bone because the muscles are attached to the skeleton by tendons. The muscular system and the skeletal system are similar and different because they both help our body with movement but they both have different parts for controlling our movement like our bones provide protection for our organs and our muscles helps us with the body shape and helps control stability and posture. 

The skeletal system

                                                              The skeletal system

          The skeletal system is very important to living organisms and it helps our bodies with support and protection for organs, movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage. Without the skeletal system, we would probably move like noodles and our bodies wouldn't have enough protection or support. There are 3 types of skeletons:

• Hydrostatic: occurs in soft-bodied animals (Ex. Earthworms)
• Exoskeleton: hard, non-living structure that protects entire body (Ex. crayfish)
• Endoskeleton: cartilaginous and bony skeleton of body (Ex. humans, rats) Endoskeletons is the inside support structure of an organism that helps protect the internal organs and allows the body for easier movement and doesn't need to be replaced or removed as the organism grows.

     The earthworm doesn't have a skeleton, otherwise known as a hydrostatic skeleton. The worm has bristles on each segment that helps the worm move. Worms have no limbs and they have two muscles. One of the muscles makes the worm long and thin. The other muscle makes the worm fat. Earthworms are a great example of hydrostatic because their advantages of having a hydrostatic is that they have no bones and they have more movement, which helps them have easier access to get into small areas and it's easier for them to move around more and be more flexible. The earthworm's disadvantages is that they have no support and no protection and they have no stability, which causes them to get killed easier and won't be able to fight back predators or hold and pick up objects. Having a hydrostatic skeleton is very different to having a exoskeleton like the crayfish does and also endoskeleton like what humans, rats, and frogs have because it doesn't provide much protection.


Crayfishes are invertebrates meaning that they don't have a backbone. Their bodies are segmented  like the worm for flexibility and movement and they have a exoskeleton. The advantages of having a exoskeleton is very good because it provides protection from predators and the environment (Ex. windstorms, rain, snow, etc.), provides camouflage (Ex. a turtle can be inside its shell and stay still to make itself look like a rock), and also has space for muscle attachment. Their advantages helps them survive better because their exoskeleton protects them from hurting their internal organs and to avoid being hurt or eaten from their predators and environment, helps them hide from being hunted from other animals, and have no damage to their bodies. The disadvantages for the crayfish are body weight, limited growth for the organism, and less movement. Their disadvantages doesn't help them survive because  their body structure that can lower their rate of movement and they have limited growth because their body structure isn't big enough to allow them to get bigger also they have less movement because it's harder for them to move inside and it's difficult for them to regulate their body temperature.


         The grass frog has the same type of skeleton like the rat and humans, which is a endoskeleton. The frog has a backbone that has five to nine vertebrate and have a short, stiff neck that has limited mobility. The frog's jaw is made to grab things instead of chewing them and has a large tongue extension. They have no ribcage to provide protection for their inner organs for the frog. The frog has long legs for jumping and swimming. The frog is quite similar and a bit different compared to the human's skeletal system  because frogs have the same bone structure as humans like the phalanges, metacarpals and carpals that make up the hands and wrists. Frogs are different because they have no ribcage to protect their inner organs like the humans and rats do. another difference is that frogs have a total of 159 bones and humans have 206 bones.

            The advantages of having an endoskeleton is that it has ability to support larger size and weight, bones are inside, bones can heal when broken, and more movement. The endoskeleton has no limited growth or weight, bones are inside so they can protect the internal organs, our bones heal by our cells, and we have movement to move and to pick and hold things and to be stable. The disadvantages of having a endoskeleton is it can cause damage and pollution, our flesh is outside, and whatever caused a broken bone, it also damages the muscle and skin. The reasons for the disadvantages is because it's easier to get bruises and bumps, impossible to grow a new skeleton, causes damage to skin ( Damage from environment and pollution: sun, smoke),  and a broken bone can also cause damage to muscle and skin (which explains the bruises and bumps).

 
          Rats and humans are very similar but also different in a few ways. Rats have 233 bones unlike humans have 206 but their bodies are both divided into axial and appendicular skeletons. Humans and rats both have endoskeleton and have the same axial structure of bones like the skull, sternum, and ribs. The rat's ribcage covers a huge amount of the animal and its feet has only 4 fingers which means it has a few bones less than the human and their skeleton is much weaker compared to humans.